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　　為了跟緊已經(jīng)到來的AI時代，我們需要了解哪些人工智能術(shù)語呢？

　　9. Hybridization between humans and machines

　　This process allows a connection between the human body and a technological system. The connection can be physical, like a mind-controlled prosthetic arm, or virtual, like Google glasses, which are voice-controlled and which display information or images in a corner of the lenses that are superimposed on our usual vision.

　　9. 人機(jī)混合

　　在這個過程中，人體與技術(shù)系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)連接。這種連接可以是實體的，如由大腦控制的假肢手臂；也可以是虛擬的，如聲控谷歌眼鏡，這種眼鏡可以在鏡片的一側(cè)顯示信息或圖像，與普通視覺形成疊加。

　　10. Immersive virtual reality

　　A virtual, computer-generated universe, into which the user is immersed via various sensors or objects (glasses, sensory feedback suits, etc.). Immersion in virtual reality may involve the player of a video game or an aircraft pilot in training.

　　10. 浸入式虛擬現(xiàn)實

　　由計算機(jī)生成的虛擬世界，用戶可以借助多種傳感器或物體（眼鏡、感官反饋裝備等）實現(xiàn)身臨其境。浸入式虛擬現(xiàn)實可應(yīng)用于視頻游戲或飛機(jī)駕駛員培訓(xùn)。

　　11. Internet of Things

　　A computing concept that describes the idea of everyday objects or places in the physical world that are connected to the internet, and are able to identify themselves to other devices. A connected object gathers data (temperature, speed, humidity, etc.) through sensors, and sends it, via the internet, for computer analysis. The object might be a vehicle, a watch, an industrial machine or even a parking space.

　　11. 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)

　　這是一種計算概念，設(shè)想將現(xiàn)實世界中的日常物體或地點接入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，并且可以在其他設(shè)備上進(jìn)行識別。聯(lián)網(wǎng)的物體可以通過傳感器收集數(shù)據(jù)（溫度、速度、濕度等），并通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)送給計算機(jī)進(jìn)行分析。這種物體可能是車輛、手表、工業(yè)機(jī)器，甚至可能是一個停車位。

　　12. Machine learning

　　A machine uses an automatic learning programme to solve problems from examples, enabling it to compare and classify data, and even recognize complex shapes. Before the advent of deep learning in 2010, this type of programme needed to be overseen by humans – each image had to be explicitly designated as containing a human face, a cat’s head, etc., so that the machine could perform the requested recognition operation.

　　12. 機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)

　　機(jī)器利用自動學(xué)習(xí)程序，通過實例學(xué)習(xí)解決問題，使其能夠?qū)?shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較并分類，甚至識別復(fù)雜的形狀。在2010 年開發(fā)出深度學(xué)習(xí)之前，這類程序需要由人來監(jiān)控，每個圖像都經(jīng)過精心挑選，必須包含人臉、貓頭等內(nèi)容，以便讓機(jī)器能夠按要求執(zhí)行識別操作。

　　13. Mind uploading

　　According to transhumanists, our sensations, thoughts and emotions can all be summed up as neural connections. Mind uploading is the transhumanist idea that the “contents” of the human brain can be reduced to a set of information that could be translated into binary computer code, and thus uploaded into a computer.

　　13. 意識上傳

　　超人類主義者認(rèn)為，我們的感覺、思想和情緒都可以歸結(jié)為某種神經(jīng)連接。超人類主義者提出了意識上傳理念，認(rèn)為可以將大腦中的“內(nèi)容”簡化，譯成二進(jìn)制計算機(jī)代碼，并上傳到計算機(jī)。新聯(lián)結(jié)主義該理論源于認(rèn)知科學(xué)和神經(jīng)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域。

　　14. Neo-connectionism

　　A theory arising from the fields of cognitive science and neuroscience, neo-connectionism proposes to develop computer models that aim to simulate learning by formal neural networks, the organization and functioning of which have been designed by analogy with physiological neural systems.

　　14. 新聯(lián)結(jié)主義

　　提出開發(fā)計算機(jī)模型，模擬形式神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的學(xué)習(xí)過程。通過模擬生理神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，相關(guān)組織結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的設(shè)計已經(jīng)完成。

　　15. Semantic knowledge representation

　　Algorithms to formulate a sentence written in any language (for example, “Paul takes the bus to Berlin”) in logical form, so that a computer is able to interpret it. The machine can then make logical inferences (like deductions) that enable it to classify words into different categories and analyse the sentences submitted to it. 

　　15. 語義知識表示

　　以符合邏輯的形式用任何語言編寫句子的算法（如“保羅乘公共汽車去柏林”），以便計算機(jī)能夠讀懂其中的含義，而后進(jìn)行邏輯推理（如推斷），繼而能夠?qū)卧~分類并分析語句。

　　16. Transhumanism

　　A movement whose followers want to reach the “post-human” condition by eliminating disabilities, suffering, illness, ageing and death, through the “NBIC convergence” (the convergence of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science). They promote the use of human cloning, virtual reality, hybridization between humans and machines and mind uploading. Their opponents accuse them of excessive speculation, of founding a new mystical order which idolizes technology, and of fantasizing about a “superhuman” with eugenicist overtones.

　　16. 超人類主義

　　這種思潮的擁護(hù)者希望通過 NBIC 匯聚技術(shù)（融合納米技術(shù)、生物技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)和認(rèn)知科學(xué)的技術(shù)），消除殘疾、痛苦、疾病、衰老和死亡，達(dá)到“后人類”狀態(tài)。他們提倡采用人類克隆技術(shù)、虛擬現(xiàn)實、 人機(jī)混合及意識上傳。反對者指責(zé)這些人過度投機(jī)，妄圖建立一種崇尚技術(shù)的神秘秩序，幻想暗中借助優(yōu)生學(xué)制造“超人”。

　　17. Weak AI/ Strong AI or Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

　　Weak AI or Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) is the only form of AI that humanity has achieved so far – machines that are capable of performing certain precise tasks autonomously but without consciousness, within a framework defined by humans and following decisions taken by humans alone. Strong AI or AGI would be a machine that has consciousness and feelings, and is capable of providing solutions for any kind of problem – that is pure fiction, for now.

　　17. 弱人工智能、強(qiáng)人工智能或通用人工智能

　　現(xiàn)有的人工智能可以被定義為弱人工智能——在人為規(guī)定的框架內(nèi)，可以按照人類做出的決定，獨立執(zhí)行某些精確任務(wù)，但不具備意識。強(qiáng)人工智能或通用人工智能將是具備意識和感覺的機(jī)器，并且能夠為任何類型的問題提供解決方案，這在目前看來，還純屬設(shè)想。