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　　為了跟緊已經(jīng)到來的AI時代，我們需要了解哪些人工智能術(shù)語呢？

　　1. Algorithms

　　The word is derived from the name of the ninth-century Persian mathematician, Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, who introduced decimal numbers to the West. Today it means a series of instructions that must be executed automatically by a computer. Algorithms are at work in all areas, from search-engine queries and the selection of information suggested to internet users, to financial markets.

　　1. 算法

　　這個詞源于公元九世紀(jì)波斯數(shù)學(xué)家阿爾·花剌子模的名字，是他把十進(jìn)制數(shù)字引入西方。 這里的算法是指必須由計算機(jī)自動執(zhí)行的一系列指令。從搜索引擎查詢、向互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶推薦信息，再到金融市場，算法活躍在各個領(lǐng)域。人工生命這是一個跨學(xué)科研究領(lǐng)域，旨在以計算機(jī)或機(jī)器人的形式研發(fā)受生命系統(tǒng)啟發(fā)的人工系統(tǒng)。增強(qiáng)人類這是超人類主義的理想，按照科學(xué)技術(shù)原則對人體進(jìn)行干預(yù)，而個體在接受改造之后，各項機(jī)能都可以得到強(qiáng)化，這一過程為增強(qiáng)人類。兼具人與機(jī)器屬性的個體能夠跑得更快，在黑暗中也能看得清楚，可以忍受疼痛，具備更高的智力，能夠抵抗疾病或死亡?！氨恍迯?fù)的人”已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)，“連接計算機(jī)”的假肢也日趨完善。隨著用于軍事目的的人造外部骨骼設(shè)備的發(fā)展，增強(qiáng)人類正在逐漸成為現(xiàn)實。

　　2. Augmented reality

　　The superimposition of virtual elements onto reality, calculated by a computer system in real time (such as sounds, 2D and 3D video images, etc.). This technique is used in video games and cinema, where the spectator interacts with virtual objects through sensors. It is also used for geolocation and heritage applications. For instance, the Cluny Abbey in France uses augmented reality screens, so visitors can visualize the town as it was in the fifteenth century.

　　2. 增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實

　　增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實是指由計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)實時計算形成的虛擬元素與現(xiàn)實的疊加（如聲音、二維和三維視頻圖像等）。這種技術(shù)應(yīng)用于視頻游戲和電影，觀眾可通過傳感器與虛擬物體進(jìn)行互動，同時也應(yīng)用于地理定位和遺產(chǎn)方面。例如，法國的克呂尼修道院采用增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實屏幕，為游客展示 15 世紀(jì)古鎮(zhèn)風(fēng)貌。

　　3. Big data

　　A set of digital data that, through its volume, surpasses human intuition and analytical abilities. We generate some 2.5 trillion bytes of data every day on the internet, through emails, videos, weather information, GPS signals, online transactions, etc. No traditional computerized database management tool can process this mass of data – it has required the development of new algorithms to store, classify and analyse it.

　　3. 大數(shù)據(jù)

　　大數(shù)據(jù)是指一系列人類的直觀理解和分析能力已無法企及的、體量巨大的數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)。我們的電子郵件、視頻、天氣信息、全球衛(wèi)星定位信號和在線交易等，每天會在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上生成大約2.5 萬億字節(jié)數(shù)據(jù)。任何一種傳統(tǒng)的計算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫管理工具都無法處理如此海量的數(shù)據(jù)，因而需要開發(fā)新的算法對其進(jìn)行存儲、分析和分類。

　　4. Bioconservative

　　For transhumanists, people who criticize their ideal, augmented man are bioconservatives – regressive individuals who refuse to change the laws of life and nature, even though technology makes it possible to do so. 

　　4. 生物保守派

　　超人類主義者認(rèn)為，對于增強(qiáng)人類理想持批評態(tài)度的人就是生物保守派，是即便技術(shù)已經(jīng)成熟，依然拒絕改變生命法則和自然規(guī)律的倒退者。

　　5. Cloud

　　Different computer systems involving a large number of computers connected to each other, and exchanging messages in real time over the internet. A calculation or the storage of information launched by one computer can therefore be carried out by a network of interconnected computers – thus creating a cloud.

　　5. 云

　　多個計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，包含大量互相連接的計算機(jī)，并通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)實時交換信息。在一臺計算機(jī)上啟動的計算或信息存儲可以通過聯(lián)機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)來實現(xiàn)，從而創(chuàng)建一個云。

　　6. Deep learning

　　At the cutting edge of machine learning, this technique enables a machine to independently recognize complex concepts such as faces, human bodies, or images of cats. This is done by scouring millions of images picked from the internet – images that have not been labelled by humans. The result of a combination of learning algorithms and formal neural networks and the use of mass data, deep learning has revolutionized artificial intelligence. It has countless applications, including search engines, medical diagnosis, autonomous cars, etc. In 2015, the AlphaGo computer used deep learning to beat humans at Go, the ancient Chinese board game. 

　　6. 深度學(xué)習(xí)

　　這是最尖端的機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù)，讓機(jī)器能夠獨立識別復(fù)雜概念，如臉部、人體或貓的圖像。要完成深度學(xué)習(xí)，需要瀏覽從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上選出的數(shù)百萬張不帶有人為標(biāo)記的圖像。深度學(xué)習(xí)將算法的學(xué)習(xí)與形式神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)合起來， 同時采用大量數(shù)據(jù)，徹底改變了人工智能。深度學(xué)習(xí)廣泛應(yīng)用于搜索引擎、醫(yī)療診斷、自動駕駛汽車等領(lǐng)域。2015 年，AlphaGo 程序利用深度學(xué)習(xí)，在圍棋比賽中擊敗了人類棋手。

　　7. Formal neural networks

　　These are algorithms designed to be implemented by a computer, which aims to replicate the neural connections of the brain. Existing systems are much more limited than human intelligence. But they are still capable of estimating the speed of a vehicle according to movements of the accelerator pedal and the slope of the road; the hardness of a material as a function of its chemical composition and its processing temperature; or the solvency of a business according to its turnover, etc.

　　7. 形式神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)

　　這些算法由計算機(jī)執(zhí)行，旨在復(fù)制大腦的神經(jīng)連接?，F(xiàn)有系統(tǒng)雖遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于人類的智力，但能夠根據(jù)油門的運動和道路的坡度來估算車輛時速，根據(jù)材料的化學(xué)成分和加工溫度計算其硬度，還能夠根據(jù)營業(yè)額推算公司的償付能力。

　　8. Human cryogenics

　　The technique for the conservation of a human body or head in liquid nitrogen, after an individual’s death, with the aim of resuscitating it one day.

　　8. 人體冷凍技術(shù)

　　在人死后利用液氮保存人體或頭部的技術(shù)，目的是有朝一日使其復(fù)蘇。